1 Thentn Here καί (kai) has been translated as “then” to indicate the implied sequence within the narrative. a measuring rodtn Grk “a reed” (but these were used for measuring). Cf. Ezek 40:3ff. like a staff was given to me, and I was told,tn Grk “saying.” “Get up and measure the temple of God, and the altar, and the ones who worship there.

2 Buttn Here καί (kai) has been translated as “but” to indicate the contrast present in this context. do not measure the outer courtyardtn On the term αὐλήν (aulhn) BDAG 150 s.v. αὐλή 1 states, “(outer) court of the temple…Rv 11:2.” of the temple; leave it out,tn The precise meaning of the phrase ἔκβαλε ἔξωθεν (ekbale exwqen) is difficult to determine. because it has been given to the Gentiles,tn Or “to the nations” (the same Greek word may be translated “Gentiles” or “nations”). and they will trample on the holy citysn The holy city appears to be a reference to Jerusalem. See also Luke 21:24. for forty-two months.

3 And I will grant my two witnesses authoritytn The word “authority” is not in the Greek text, but is implied. “Power” would be another alternative that could be supplied here. to prophesy for 1,260 days, dressed in sackcloth.

4 (These are the two olive trees and the two lampstands that stand before the Lord of the earth.)sn This description is parenthetical in nature.

5 Iftn Here καί (kai) has not been translated because of differences between Greek and English style. anyone wants to harm them, fire comes out of their mouthstn This is a collective singular in Greek. and completely consumestn See L&N 20.45 for the translation of κατεσθίω (katesqiw) as “to destroy utterly, to consume completely.” their enemies. Iftn Here καί (kai) has not been translated because of differences between Greek and English style. anyone wants to harm them, they must be killed this way.

6 These two have the powertn Or “authority.” to close up the sky so that it does not rain during the timetn Grk “the days.” they are prophesying. Theytn Because of the length and complexity of the Greek sentence, a new sentence was started here in the translation. Here καί (kai) has not been translated because of differences between Greek and English style. have powertn Or “authority.” to turn the waters to blood and to strike the earth with every kind of plague whenever they want.

7 Whentn Here καί (kai) has not been translated because of differences between Greek and English style. they have completed their testimony, the beast that comes up from the abyss will make war on them and conquertn Or “be victorious over”; traditionally, “overcome.” them and kill them.

8 Theirtn Here καί (kai) has not been translated because of differences between Greek and English style. corpses will lie in the streettn The Greek word πλατεῖα (plateia) refers to a major (broad) street (L&N 1.103). of the great city that is symbolicallytn Grk “spiritually.” called Sodom and Egypt, where their Lord was also crucified.

9 For three and a half days those from everytn The word “every” is not in the Greek text, but is implied by the following list. people, tribe,tn The Greek term καί (kai) has not been translated before this and the following items in the list, since English normally uses a coordinating conjunction only between the last two elements in a series of three or more. nation, and language will look at their corpses, because they will not permit them to be placed in a tomb.tn Or “to be buried.”

10 And those who live on the earth will rejoice over them and celebrate, even sending gifts to each other, because these two prophets had tormented those who live on the earth.

11 Buttn Here καί (kai) has been translated as “but” to indicate the contrast present in this context. after three and a half days a breath of life from God entered them, and they stood on their feet, and tremendous fear seizedtn Grk “fell upon.” those who were watching them.

12 Thentn Here καί (kai) has been translated as “then” to indicate the implied sequence of events within the vision. theytn Though the nearest antecedent to the subject of ἤκουσαν (hkousan) is the people (“those who were watching them”), it could also be (based on what immediately follows) that the two prophets are the ones who heard the voice. heard a loud voice from heaven saying to them: “Come up here!” So the two prophetstn Grk “they”; the referent (the two prophets) has been specified in the translation for clarity. went up to heaven in a cloud whiletn The conjunction καί (kai) seems to be introducing a temporal clause contemporaneous in time with the preceding clause. their enemies stared at them.

13 Just thentn Here καί (kai) has not been translated because of differences between Greek and English style. a major earthquake took place and a tenth of the city collapsed; seven thousand peopletn Grk “seven thousand names of men.” were killed in the earthquake, and the rest were terrified and gave glory to the God of heaven.

14 The second woe has come and gone;tn Grk “has passed.” the third is coming quickly.

15 Thentn Here καί (kai) has been translated as “then” to indicate the implied sequence of events within the vision. the seventh angel blew his trumpet, and there were loud voices in heaven saying:

16 Thentn Here καί (kai) has been translated as “then” to indicate the implied sequence of events within the vision. the twenty-four elders who are seated on their thrones before God threw themselves down with their faces to the groundtn Grk “they fell down on their faces.” BDAG 815 s.v. πίπτω 1.b.α.ב. has “fall down, throw oneself to the ground as a sign of devotion or humility, before high-ranking persons or divine beings.” and worshiped God

17 with these words:tn Grk “saying.”

18 Thetn Here καί (kai) has not been translated because of differences between Greek and English style. nationstn Or “The Gentiles” (the same Greek word may be translated “Gentiles” or “nations”). were enraged,

19 Thentn Here καί (kai) has been translated as “then” to indicate the implied sequence on events within the vision. the temple of God in heaven was opened and the ark of his covenant was visible within his temple. And there were flashes of lightning, roaring,tn Or “sounds,” “voices.” It is not entirely clear what this refers to. BDAG 1071 s.v. φωνή 1 states, “In Rv we have ἀστραπαὶ καὶ φωναὶ καὶ βρονταί (cp. Ex 19:16) 4:5; 8:5; 11:19; 16:18 (are certain other sounds in nature thought of here in addition to thunder, as e.g. the roar of the storm?…).” crashes of thunder, an earthquake, and a great hailstorm.tn Although BDAG 1075 s.v. χάλαζα gives the meaning “hail” here, it is not clear whether the adjective μεγάλη (megalh) refers to the intensity of the storm or the size of the individual hailstones, or both.